摘要 :
Diversity and distribution of flower coloration is a puzzling topic that has been extensively studied,with multiple hypotheses being proposed to account for the functions of coloration,such as pollinator attraction,protection agai...
展开
Diversity and distribution of flower coloration is a puzzling topic that has been extensively studied,with multiple hypotheses being proposed to account for the functions of coloration,such as pollinator attraction,protection against herbivory,and prevention of damage by ultraviolet light. Recent methodologies have allowed studies to consider the visual system of animals other than humans,helping to answer questions regarding the distribution of flower coloration. A survey of keywords in Web of Science shows floral color to be mainly studied in relation to macroevolutionary traits and biochemistry of pigments,focusing on pollination and anthocyanins,respectively. The present paper reviews mechanisms that determine the color of flowers. First,it is discussed how pigment,visual systems and signaling environments influence flower color; secondly,patterns of convergent evolution of flower color is debated,including evolutionary history,pollinator preference,flower color change,flowering season,and habitat. Third and last,patterns of flower coloration that have been found around the globe are addressed. In short,the aim is to contribute to ongoing research,by underlining mechanisms that lead to global patterns of coloration and indicating perspectives for future study on the topic.
收起
摘要 :
Carotenoids are yellow, orange, and red pigments that are widely distributed in nature. In plants, carotenoids play important roles in photosynthesis and furnishing flowers and fruits with distinct colors. While most plant leaves ...
展开
Carotenoids are yellow, orange, and red pigments that are widely distributed in nature. In plants, carotenoids play important roles in photosynthesis and furnishing flowers and fruits with distinct colors. While most plant leaves show similar carotenoid profiles, containing carotenoids essential for photosynthesis, the carotenoid composition of flower petals varies from species to species. In this review, I present a list of carotenoid composition in the flower petals of various plants and discuss the possible causes of qualitative diversity.
收起
摘要 :
A mail survey was conducted in 2000 to determine awareness and use of integrated pest management (IPM) practices by nurseries in Pennsylvania. Survey participants were randomly selected from the Pennsylvania Dept. of Agriculture, ...
展开
A mail survey was conducted in 2000 to determine awareness and use of integrated pest management (IPM) practices by nurseries in Pennsylvania. Survey participants were randomly selected from the Pennsylvania Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, list of certified nurseries. Participants answered questions pertaining to awareness of common practices, frequency that IPM practices were employed, and specifics on monitoring and pest management decision-making processes. Responses were analyzed by Cluster Analysis (SPSS Inc., Chicago), which resulted in the formation of three distinct segments. The segments were labeled "IPM Savvy" (nursery managers who were more likely to employ IPM practices); "Part-time IPMers" (nursery managers who employed some IPM strategies and were interested in future adoption of IPM practices); and "Reluctant IPMers" (nursery managers who were least likely to employ IPM strategies). The "Part-time IPMers" and "Reluctant IPMers" segments represent a substantial part of the industry (51%), who continues to have concerns about the cost, efficacy, and implementation of IPM practices into their businesses. Overall, Pennsylvania growers are aware of IPM practices; however, maintaining permanent records of pests identified and pest management strategies employed remain low. Continued education is warranted to enhance pest monitoring skills and recordkeeping along with demonstrable evidence to the cost effectiveness and marketing benefits that the implementation of IPM practices offer the nursery operators.
收起
摘要 :
The new subspecies Lathyrus nivalis Hand.-Mazz. subsp. sahinii H. Genc (sect. Platystylis, Leguminosae) from Turkey is described and illustrated with diagnostic characters and taxonomic comments. The characters of the new subspeci...
展开
The new subspecies Lathyrus nivalis Hand.-Mazz. subsp. sahinii H. Genc (sect. Platystylis, Leguminosae) from Turkey is described and illustrated with diagnostic characters and taxonomic comments. The characters of the new subspecies are compared with those of the type subspecies, from which it differs mainly in the shape, length, width and venation of leaflets, length and width of the stipules, flower color, legume, and style length. In addition, the geographic distribution of the new subspecies is outlined.
收起
摘要 :
The new subspecies Lathyrus nivalis Hand.-Mazz. subsp. sahinii H. Genc (sect. Platystylis, Leguminosae) from Turkey is described and illustrated with diagnostic characters and taxonomic comments. The characters of the new subspeci...
展开
The new subspecies Lathyrus nivalis Hand.-Mazz. subsp. sahinii H. Genc (sect. Platystylis, Leguminosae) from Turkey is described and illustrated with diagnostic characters and taxonomic comments. The characters of the new subspecies are compared with those of the type subspecies, from which it differs mainly in the shape, length, width and venation of leaflets, length and width of the stipules, flower color, legume, and style length. In addition, the geographic distribution of the new subspecies is outlined.
收起
摘要 :
Although most studies on the evolution of mimicry and warning coloration in insects have considered predators as the major selective force, it is possible that competition for food resources could also facilitate selection for the...
展开
Although most studies on the evolution of mimicry and warning coloration in insects have considered predators as the major selective force, it is possible that competition for food resources could also facilitate selection for these conspicuous signals. For example, when warningly colored social wasps visit flowers, then they frequently behave aggressively toward heterospecifics, and they also attack and feed on other flying insects. Under these conditions, a resemblance to a wasp might provide a mimetic hoverfly with improved access to floral resources by reducing the frequency with which it is disturbed by other pollinators. We experimentally evaluated whether wasp-like colors and patterns were important in preventing other flower visitors from sharing the same flower resource, using pairwise presentations of both natural and artificial prey in the field. Flower visitors were more likely to visit unoccupied flowers compared with the flowers pinned with either natural or artificial specimens in 2 plant species with different inflorescences. However, flower visitors did not show a significantly reduced rate of visitation to flowers pinned with specimens bearing wasp-like colors and patterns compared with the flowers occupied by similar-sized specimens that were nonmimetic. Overall, we found no compelling evidence in this study to support the contention that wasp-like warning signals of hoverflies prevent other flower visitors from sharing flower resources, although insects showed a greater tendency to avoid visiting flowers pinned with a wasp compared with flowers pinned with a nonmimetic fly.
收起
摘要 :
A factorial experiment, in the form of completely randomized design with two factors, was conducted in four replicates to investigate the effects of silica nanoparticles (nanoparticle-SiO2) and calcium chelate (Ca-chelate) on gerb...
展开
A factorial experiment, in the form of completely randomized design with two factors, was conducted in four replicates to investigate the effects of silica nanoparticles (nanoparticle-SiO2) and calcium chelate (Ca-chelate) on gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.). The first factor was nanoparticle-SiO2 concentration in nutrient solution (at four levels of 0, 20, 40 and 80 mg L-1) and the second factor was Ca-chelate concentration in nutrient solution (at four levels of 0, 60, 120 and 240 mg L-1). Number of leaves, number of flowers, number of flower buds and aborted flower buds, time of flowering, flower vase life, flower color, percentages of ash and lignin in stem, petal protein, as well as the amounts of silica and calcium in stem, leaf and root were measured. Compared to control, the treatment of 80 mg L-1 of nanoparticle-SiO2 with 60 mg L-1 of Ca-chelate increased the number of flowers by 182%. Moreover, applying 60 mg L-1 of Ca-chelate and 20 mg L-1 of nanoparticle-SiO2 led to flowers with 1.5 times higher longevity and 27% increase in flowering rate. The highest flower bud numbers and the lowest bud abortion were obtained in the treatment with 80 mg L-1 of nanoparticle-SiO2 and 60 mg L-1 of Ca-chelate. The highest concentration of calcium in stem, leaf and root as well as the highest amount of protein, pigment intensity and degree of transparency were observed in the treatment with 240 mg L-1 of Ca-chelate and 80 mg L-1 of nanoparticle-SiO2.
收起
摘要 :
A new Saxifraga fortunei cultivar 'Crystal' was bred by crossing 'Dotaerang' with light pink and light Green (RP 58D) colored petals and 'Rocksun' with light pink and light green white (RP62A + GW157A) colored petals. The selectio...
展开
A new Saxifraga fortunei cultivar 'Crystal' was bred by crossing 'Dotaerang' with light pink and light Green (RP 58D) colored petals and 'Rocksun' with light pink and light green white (RP62A + GW157A) colored petals. The selection and flower characterization were conducted from 2004 to 2007 in a greenhouse of the National Institute of Highland Agriculture. The flowering of 'Crystal' occurred from September 21 for 31 days. The number of flowers per plant was 279.0 with many flowering habit. The flower coloration was mixed light pink and green white (RP62D + GW157B) at the opening. The number of petals were 7.0, with a width of 2.1 cm and length of 1.8 cm. The plant height was 15.3 cm and number of leaves was 133.7. 'Crystal' cultivar can be used forpot flower. Fifty percent shading is a good cultural practice against direct sunlight and soft rot disease would occurs usually by over-irrigation. 'Crystal' cultivar was registered as a new variety with No. 3466 at Korea Seed and Variety Service in April of 2011 year.
收起
摘要 :
In the genus Hydrangea, H. macrophylla is the most popular species. For this species, numerous cultivars with showy colorful flowers have been bred since the early 1900s through selection of natural Mutants and intraspecific cross...
展开
In the genus Hydrangea, H. macrophylla is the most popular species. For this species, numerous cultivars with showy colorful flowers have been bred since the early 1900s through selection of natural Mutants and intraspecific crosses among a limitednumber of early ancestral varieties. Although breeding of H. macrophylla has been successful, further improvements in flower shape, flower color, and growth habit are desirable. H. scandens ssp. chinensis is a small shrub that is native to South and Southeast Asia and Valued for its evergreen foliage, winter flowering and broad adaptability ill mild climates. Cross-pollination between H. scandens ssp. chinensis and H, macrophylla, and subsequent Ovule culture, resulted in the production of ail interspecific hybrid plant. The hybridity of this plant was confirmed by RAPID analysis. The hybrid plant had flower and leaf morphologies intermediate between the two parental species. Since the hybrid showed more vigorous growth than both parents, had evergreenfoliage, and flowered in winter, it has sufficient horticultural merit for commercialization and may be Suitable for greenhouse Culture,
收起
摘要 :
To diversity flower color and growth habit of marguerite (Argyranthemum frutescens), intergeneric crossing was carried Out using marguerite as the seed parent and annual chrysanthemum (Glebionis carinatum) or crown daisy (G. coron...
展开
To diversity flower color and growth habit of marguerite (Argyranthemum frutescens), intergeneric crossing was carried Out using marguerite as the seed parent and annual chrysanthemum (Glebionis carinatum) or crown daisy (G. coronaria) as the pollenparent. After cross-pollination, seedlings were successfully obtained by applying Ovule Culture. Ovule culture-derived plants showed novel characteristics in flower shape and color (orange, reddish brown, or wisteria pink) that are not observed in margueritc. Some also showed novel flowering habits such as perpetual flowering. The results indicate that these ovule culture-derived plants were intergeneric hybrids anti that the hybrids obtained in the present study may be useful for further breeding of marguerite, especially for introducing Valuable characteristics such as a wide range of flower color.
收起
原文获取